10 cosas que saber antes de emigrar a Estados Unidos

The Success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in...

The Success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in October 1917 The Bolshevik seizure of power or coup de’tat of October 25th, 1917 was a culmination of both internal and external failure to satisfy the needs of an oppressed Russian society. In contrast to the spontaneous revolts earlier in 1917, the Bolshevik revolution was ‘a carefully planned plot carried out by ‘professional’ revolutionaries.’[1] The victory of the Marxist Lenin’s Bolsheviks was due to the failure of the Provisional Government in response to land policies; their failure to gain support from the masses; the lack of ‘real’ authority of the Provisional Government and the military failure of the army. Secondly, the failure of the†¦show more content†¦The Bolshevik revolution came to prominence because of the Provisional Government’s inability to gain support from the Russian population. ‘The government enjoyed little confidence amongst the masses; and many of its members were largely unknown to the new Russia that had burst upon the political scene.’[3] Kerensky himself comments on the problematic circumstances his government experienced, ‘the old (governmental machine) had disappeared; the new was not yet established.’ The support of the peasantry was critical in establishing popular rule, as historian Richard Abraham comments, ‘the largest social class in Russia was still the peasantry. Their reaction to the coming social conflict would be crucial – not least because peasant lads in grey coats were armed.’ While Prince Lvov and his cronies did inherit everything the old regime had deserted in chaos and acknowledged ‘the solution of the problem requires, if not years, at least several months.’ The Provisional Government failed to identify growing areas of concern within the Russian empire, proving fatal to the common perception of the government. ‘Industrial chaos, ineffectiveShow MoreRelatedThe Major Causes Of The Russia n Revolution Of 1917889 Words   |  4 PagesRussian Revolution of 1917, by definition, was a series of revolts against the Russian Tsar, Nicholas II. The background of the Revolution started with many political groups emerging in the 1800s and 1900s (Marxists, Liberals, Nationalists, and Peasant socialists being the most notable). Then, the Marxists split, forming Lenin and the Bolsheviks. On top of new political groups emerging, a slow in economy, a losing effort in wars, and the â€Å"Bloody Sunday† massacres also created unrest in Russia. AlsoRead MoreThe Life of Leon Trotsky Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesremoval of the Tsar during the Russian Revolution, Trotsky returned to Russia in May 1917. In August 1917, Trotsky joined the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party whose leader was none other than Vladimir Lenin. Trotsky assumed key roles in the events and policies concerning the Bolshevik Government, which included the Bolshevik Revolution, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Civil War and views on Russias economic policies. The Bolshevik party focused on their one aim: overthrowRead MoreThe Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917-Essay Review1428 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1917, in the midst of the Great War, Russia faced one of the biggest political shifts that the Tsarist-ruled country had ever known-the Bolshevik Revolution. There are two significant time frames associated with the Bolshevik Revolution. In the February revolution Tsar Nicholas II abdicated his throne and a Provisional Government took control. In the October revolution the Bolsheviks took power by overthrowing the Provisional Government. How did the October revolution become a reality? WhatRead MorePoor Living and Working Conditions as the Reason for Bolsheviks Seizure of Power in 1917738 Words   |  3 PagesPoor Living and Working Conditions as the Reason for Bolsheviks Seizure of Power in 1917 Around eighty percent of Russia’s population were peasants who lived in communities. Living and working conditions for most peasants were dreadful, famine and starvation were common. People worked for long hours, their wages were low and rent was high. In factory towns people lived in overcrowded slums and there were very few sanitary facilities. Poor living and working conditions existedRead MoreVladimir Lenin805 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Bolshevik (meaning Majority) faction of the Russian Social and Democratic Labour Party and took power in the October Revolution of 1917. He was born in the city of Simbirsk in 1870 and studied Law at Kazan university, where he was introduced to Marxist literature. His brother Alexandr was involved in a plot to assassinate Tsar Alexandr III and executed. He spent some time in internal exile in Siberia before being exiled from Russia. It was in London that he formed his Bolshevik factionRead MoreThe Russian Revolution And The Soviet Revolution Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesRussian People and Their Revolution, 1917-21. London: UCL Press, 1996. Read, Christopher. From Tsar to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917-21. London: UCL Press, 1996. pp. 6, 63. Christopher Read, the author of the book From Tsar to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917-21, is a professor at the University of Warwick in Europe. Read teaches twentieth-century European history. He specializes in the social history of the Russian Revolution and the intellectual historyRead MoreEssay on Account For the Success of the Bolsheviks in October 19171936 Words   |  8 PagesAccount For the Success of the Bolsheviks in October 1917 At the beginning of 1917 most of the Bolsheviks were in exile but by the end of 1917 the Bolshevik party had not only consolidated control of Moscow and Petrograd, but they were also advancing on the rest of the country. This success was due to several linked factors; the Bolshevik policy of non-cooperation, weakness of the Provisional Government, division of alternative opposition, Lenins leadership skills,Read MoreWas the October 1917 Revolution a key turning point in the modernisation of Russia?1449 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿History Coursework – B Question To what extent do you consider that the October 1917 Revolution was a key turning point in the development of modern Russia in the years 1856-1964? The October 1917 Revolution is undoubtedly a momentous and extremely important event in Russia’s history, one that ousted the centuries-old Tsardom that ruled over the empire, in favour of the radical communist movement in the form of the Bolsheviks, headed by one Vladimir Iliych Lenin. However, did this sudden move fromRead MoreVladimir Lenin And The Revolutionary Revolution913 Words   |  4 Pagestwentieth century, Russia was overtaken by the clash of two ideologies that represented a social, political and economic world order; one that at the time was the capitalist system and the other of revolutionary socialism. After the February Revolution 1917, Vladimir Lenin returned from exile and published a series of directives in an effort to channel the revolutionary energy to an uncompromised movement; prominently known as the â€Å"April Theses.† Moreover, later on December 1917, Lenin’s argumentRead MoreLenin s The Bolshevik Party1270 Words   |  6 PagesWhil e organizing the Bolshevik party in the lead up to the October 1917 insurrection, Lenin navigated the fundamental contradictions of socialism with relative ease. In Lenin’s ‘April Theses,’ published after his return to Russia, he advocated for a transfer of all state power â€Å"to the hands of the proletariat and the poorest sections of the peasants. † When compared to the positions of Lenin’s fellow Bolsheviks in April of 1917, he appeared radically committed to Marxist ideology. Indeed, Suny states

Discuss Austen(TM)s use of Mr Elliot in Persuasion Free Essays

Austen uses Mr Elliot in various ways in Persuasion, this ranges from gaining an insight into other people’s characters to contributing to the romance genre. Austen mainly uses Mr Elliot as a plot device in Book Two of the novel after Anne’s arrival in Bath. The use of Mr Elliot’s character can be tied into most of the major themes of the novel. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss Austen(TM)s use of Mr Elliot in Persuasion or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first mention of Mr Elliot in Persuasion is in the fist chapter of Book One. We find out that he is the heir presumptive to the Baronetcy, through Sir Walter who is reading the Baronetage. We can see that this is important to Sir Walter as he has added, â€Å"Heir presumptive, William Walter Elliot, Esq.† to the pages in the book referring to the Elliot’s. This shows how class conscious Sir Walter is, it is blatantly obvious that Austen is ridiculing Sir Walter for being too class conscious. However later in the novel we see that whilst she does not approve of how class conscious Sir Walter is, Austen is still a woman of her time and we see that she is class conscious, through Anne’s reactions, but not to the degree that Sir Walter is. In the same chapter we also find out more about Mr Elliot’s past relationship with the Elliot family, in particular with Elizabeth and Sir Walter, to an extent. We see that Mr Elliot has disappointed her, â€Å"the heir presumptive †¦ had disappointed her† even though she had â€Å"found him extremely agreeable†. However instead of marrying Elizabeth, Mr Elliot sought independence and married â€Å"a rich woman of inferior birth.† This leads to all acquaintance between the ceasing as Mr Elliot had slighted Sir Walter and had â€Å"shewn himself as unsolicitous of being longer noticed by the family†. The next time we meet Mr Elliot is in the last chapter of Book One, where Anne and the Musgroves are in Lyme with Captain Wentworth. This chapter is where Mr Elliot sees Anne for the first time and where he is first seen as a potential rival for Anne’s attention and affection, â€Å"Anne’s face caught his eye, and he looked at her with a degree of earnest admiration†. Wentworth in turn notices how Mr Elliot looks at Anne and even he can â€Å"see something like Anne Elliot again†. Mr Elliot paying attention to Anne shows that se is once again in â€Å"bloom†. In this chapter through Anne and the others in Lyme that Mr Elliot is in mourning, therefore his wife has only died relatively recently. When the ‘mystery gentleman’ is identified as Mr Elliot by the party in Lyme, we see that Austen highlights Mary’s class snobbery. We next see Mr Elliot in Chapter Three of Book Two, however the reaction to him is much more positive than it was in the first book. We see that despite his previous grievances against them Elizabeth and Sir Walter readily forgive Mr Elliot and are even happy to renew their acquaintance. In this chapter we see that the relationship between Mr Elliot and Anne improves and we see that he is clearly attracted to her. This is where the possibility of Mr Elliot standing as a rival against Wentworth for Anne’s affections becomes a reality. In the next chapter Austen uses Mr Elliot to show how fickle Lady Russell is. We see here that she feels that he could not be â€Å"a more agreeable or estimable man† and that â€Å"Everything united in him; good understanding, correct opinions, knowledge of the world, and a warm heart†. This directly contrast her feeling in Chapter Fourteen where she states that â€Å"he is a man whom [she has] no wish to see† and that he had â€Å"left a very strong impression in his disfavour† with her when he declined to be â€Å"on cordial terms with the head of his family†. Here we also see that Mr Elliot is not as class conscious as Sir Walter and Elizabeth but he is more class conscious than Anne. In the next chapters Mr Elliot becomes even more of an obstacle in Anne and Wentworth’s relationship. We see what Anne’s opinion of him is; she thinks that whilst â€Å"Mr Elliot is an exceedingly agreeable man† he was â€Å"too generally agreeable†. This shows how shrewd Anne is, compared with the rest of her family and her close friends. Austen uses Mr Elliot more in the second half of the novel in order to distract Anne’s attention away from Wentworth. This can be seen in Chapter Twenty during the concert held for the benefit of a person patronised by Lady Dalrymple. We see that Mr Elliot successfully monopolises a lot of Anne’s time, which in turn makes Wentworth jealous. Wentworth now knows that he is still in love with Anne due to the attention she is receiving from Mr Elliot, but again due to the obstacle Mr Elliot presents he can not make his feelings known to Anne. However after Mrs Smith unmasks Mr Elliot for Anne after the concert, we see him for who he truly is. Here Wentworth and Mr Elliot can be compared and you can clearly see who the better person is out of the two. Wentworth is everything that Mr Elliot is not, for example Wentworth is open and spontaneous whereas Mr Elliot is polished and conceals his emotions. Another example where the two can be compared is when Wentworth helps Mrs Smith when Mr Elliot deserted her in her time of need after the death of her husband. Here Austen clearly wants to show the differences between the two characters, and it highlights how Wentworth is from a lower class and has made his own fortune through hard work and how Mr Elliot stands to inherit his fortune whilst not even being half the man Wentworth is. In conclusion it could be said that Mr Elliot is of vital significance to the novel and that Austen uses him to further the plot, especially between Anne and Wentworth. He is used to show the characters and the readers that even though he is from the upper classes it does not mean that he is better than any one else. This brings up the theme of the changing ideal of the gentlemen in Persuasion. Austen also uses him throughout the novel in relation to the major themes, for example family as well as love. How to cite Discuss Austen(TM)s use of Mr Elliot in Persuasion, Papers

Accounting Theory for Sustainable Built Environment-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Theory for Sustainable Built Environment. Answer: Introduction Emission of the green house gases is the major activity harming the environment today. In order to have a little control over the rapid climate change, the proposal of reporting on carbon emissions by the corporate has been introduced. Climate change has been referred to as the greatest environmental challenge which the world is facing currently. In order to have a control over emissions, many companies involved in the business of manufacturing or power supply have been required by the government to report on the carbon footprint (Flood, 2017) . The authorities are of the view that if high numbers are reported by these corporate, then they would take initiative in order to control the carbon emissions, so that the value of their company is not affected. Many countries have taken part in this initiative. In Australia the National greenhouse and energy reporting scheme was introduced, in order to meet up with international reporting standards and provide a single framework on energy co nsumption and carbon emissions reporting. This scheme is guided by the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (Freeman, 2011). The scheme acts towards reducing the carbon emissions by the corporate in the country by making policies and conducting researches for the same. Literature Review The corporate are facing increased stress form the various shareholders, investors, stakeholders with respect to disclosures and measures for the carbon emissions. These are huge expenses related to carbon emissions. Some of these include heavy capital expenditure on the carbon efficient machinery and technology. The corporate are required to take steps in order to reduce the carbon footprint (Kauffmann, 2010). Huge expenditure on research is being made in order to produce carbon efficient products. The carbon emissions also define the risk profile of the corporate. Research has showed that the carbon emissions have impact on the value of the firm. These can be classified into three major heads. Firstly, the costs incurred due to mandatory reporting of carbon emissions by regulatory authorities, secondly, the costs in connection with capital expenditure for emission control and lastly the costs in correction with voluntary reporting of carbon emissions. In the article by Tony Nwanji in The Stakeholder Theory in the Modern Global Business Environment, the author has stated how the duty of the company is more than just earning profits (Nwanji, 2016). The stakeholder theory states that it is the responsibility of the company is more than just towards its shareholders. A stakeholder is any person who can be affected by the decision of the company. They include customers, employees, creditors, etc. Stakeholder theory plays a very important role in the corporate responsibility of the company. The companys which are involved in processes involving carbon emissions, have a duty towards the environment and the stakeholders. In order to fulfil their duty towards the stakeholders it is important that the corporate report on the carbon emission which is due to their activities. They should report on the measures take in order to offset the carbon emissions. In the paper - Institutional Theory as a Driver of CSR: An Integrative Framework, by Sanket Sunand Dash, the author has explained how the institutional theory just like stakeholder theory assists the company in corporate social responsibility (Dash, 2016). The institutional theory states that the behaviours of an institution is dependent and is affected by the factors it Is surrounded by. The social environment is one of such factors. Increasing globalisation has shown that the social factors have a huge impact on the behaviours of an organisation. Therefore, in the case of carbon emission the company will be obligated to report on the carbon footprint. The traces which they leave on the environment are likely to have affect on the organisation, which will result in better accountability. Just like the theories mentioned above the author James Guthrie in his work on legitimacy theory has explained how the companies seek to work within the boundaries which are set by the society (Guthrie, 2012). In other words they try to legitimate the work done by staying within the social boundaries. When an action of the organisation affects the social factors, then it is to have effect on the organisation. When polluting the environment, the organisation understands that they have breached a boundary. In order to make up to it and exist, they will be required to report on the same. All the theories above are of the view that there are some social obligations of the organisation. In order for them to meet up with these obligations the company will report on carbon emissions and that is likely to control the impact on environment. In our study below we have discussed in details the actual affect of reporting on carbon emissions. Analysis Environmental safety has become a very important taking into the climate change. Emission of the greenhouse gases by the corporate are the major contributors to the climate change. In order to control these emissions, many steps including establishment of legislation for reporting was tried to be implemented. But in vain, no step was put into action. Later, incidents like that of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico created the alarming need to control the harm being made to the environment. It was then that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) came into action and initiated the greenhouse gas reporting program. This became a law in the year 2010, and as a result almost all of the Top emitters of Greenhouse gases in US were made to report on the emission made by them. Later, the remaining emitters of the greenhouse gases were also required to mandatory report on the greenhouse gas emissions. It was the first and the foremost step which was taken in order to control the carbon emissions (Ihlen, 2009). Though it was expected from introduction of this legislation, that reporting will force these corporate to control the emissions, but no such major effect was noticed. Also, this act aimed the corporate to opt for more environment friendly products and processes, so that more consumers could be attracted, but the studies show no major claims for the same. Later in the year 2012, United Kingdom followed the step of United States, and made it mandatory for all the companies listed on the London stock exchange to report of the carbon emission (Scott, 2014). This made the listed companies in UK report on greenhouse gas emission yearly in their annual report. In the year 2006, the international standard on environment protection launched the ISO 14064 standard, which laid down the methods to control greenhouse gas emissions along with its reporting and monitoring (Schnapf, 2011). It was a globally recognised standard which was expected to launch both regulated and voluntary programs to protect the environment. The Paris Agreement in 2015 was set forward keeping in view the increasing danger to the environment due to climate change. The countries all over participated in this agreement with a view to reduce the carbon emissions for environment safety. The World economic forum in 2017 stated that the weather risk was the most significant issue which was to be faced by the businesses everywhere. In order to evaluate the result of corporate reporting on carbon emission, a lot of studies and researches were conducted. The studies indicate three possible effects of reporting (Rogers, 2015) . The theories discussed above in the literature review all point towards one conclusion, that is the company has some social obligations which makes is responsible to report on the harms to the environment done by it. But mere reporting on issues created is not a solution for these issues. There should be actions and penalties which the corporate should be entitled to in case of harm caused by it. They should be made to take measures in order to cut off the carbon emission and help protect the environment. Reporting on certain issues will only bring to attention to the problem, it is important solution be devised in order to solve the problem. Secondly, it may be said that the impact of carbon reporting will not immediately be seen (Strathern, 2010). The level of greenhouse gases has increased over the years and there effect has been increasingly see in the last few years. The researchers are of the view that the effect of reporting on these emissions will be witnessed with time. It is not important that the results will immediately be reflected by measures. Lastly, the measures of reporting lack impact oriented information. The corporate are required to report on the measures taken by them to control the carbon footprint, but it fails to calculate the impact of measures on the result (Wahlen, 2012). Therefore it is important that the corporate also report on the impact they are likely to have on carbon emissions and control. The impact of carbon reporting has been huge on the corporate worldwide. They have actively taken part and adopted the carbon management principles (CMP) in order to meet up with the regulations. The recent study showed that of the top 500 global companies only 43% took part in the reporting in 2004. This number increased gradually to 50% in 2010 and 82% in 2015 (Donanldson, 2012). Also these corporate allocated a part of their management in order to take responsibility for the issues related to climate related change. The theoretical knowledge and implementation of reporting was expected to have larger impact on carbon emission reporting. But practically the resultant effect was not at par (Wolk, 2013). The theories that have been mentioned above also state that the companies would fulfil their social obligations by reporting on the environmental issues caused by them. But this was not the actual result. Therefore, measures in order to ensure actual effects on the control of carbon emissions should be taken. Conclusions: It was faith in the policymakers and the companies that reporting on carbon emission and good management practices will help them control and have better performance in carbon control. Because of this faith, other policies and measures which were likely to have effect were not given much attention. It has now become a fact that the most comprehensive data on carbon emission and measures to control the emission have failed to show any major impact on the actual outcome. However it has still not been established that the failure to obtain major results is due to lack of data or due to lack of relationship between the corporate management principles and the performance or due to lack of emphasis of companies on the actual performance of management principles (Eliskandarani, 2014). The management need to opt for result oriented plans, so that the actual result on the carbon emissions can be accounted for. References Dash, S. S. (2016). INSTITUTIONAL THEORY AND CSR. Retrieved from www.anzam.org: https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/2844_ANZAM-2016-407-FILE001.PDF Donanldson, T. (2012). Ethical issues in business. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Eliskandarani, E. (2014). Approaches to reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the built environment: Low carbon cities. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment . Flood, J. M. (2017). Wiley GAAP 2018. [S.l.]: JOHN WILEY. Freeman, K. P. (2011). Managing environmental risk through insurance. Boston (Mass.): Kluwer Academic Publishers. Guthrie, J. (2012). LEGITIMACY THEORY. Retrieved from www.csringreece.g: https://www.csringreece.gr/files/research/CSR-1290000469.pdf Ihlen, . (2009). Business and Climate Change: The. Norway: Routledge. Kauffmann, C. (2010). 10th OECD ROUNDTABLE ON CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY. TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY: . Nwanji, T. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.managementjournals.com: https://www.managementjournals.com/journals/ig/vol1/21-1-1-1.pdf Rogers, C. G. (2015). Financial Reporting of Environmental Liabilities and Risks after Sarbanes-Oxley . Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Schnapf, L. P. (2011). Environmental Issues in Business Transactions . Chicago, IIIl.: American Bar Assocation, Business Law Section. Scott, W. R. (2014). Financial Accounting Theory. Toronto: Pearson. Strathern, M. (2010). Audit cultures: anthropological studies in accountability, ethics and the academy. London: Routledge. Wahlen, J. M. (2012). The FASB Accounting Standards Codification: A User-Friendly Guide for Wahlen/Jones/Pagach's Intermediate Accounting Reporting Analysis . Mason, OH: South-Western Pub. Wolk, H. I. (2013). Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Accounting Theory for Sustainable Built Environment-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Theory for Sustainable Built Environment. Answer: Introduction Emission of the green house gases is the major activity harming the environment today. In order to have a little control over the rapid climate change, the proposal of reporting on carbon emissions by the corporate has been introduced. Climate change has been referred to as the greatest environmental challenge which the world is facing currently. In order to have a control over emissions, many companies involved in the business of manufacturing or power supply have been required by the government to report on the carbon footprint (Flood, 2017) . The authorities are of the view that if high numbers are reported by these corporate, then they would take initiative in order to control the carbon emissions, so that the value of their company is not affected. Many countries have taken part in this initiative. In Australia the National greenhouse and energy reporting scheme was introduced, in order to meet up with international reporting standards and provide a single framework on energy co nsumption and carbon emissions reporting. This scheme is guided by the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (Freeman, 2011). The scheme acts towards reducing the carbon emissions by the corporate in the country by making policies and conducting researches for the same. Literature Review The corporate are facing increased stress form the various shareholders, investors, stakeholders with respect to disclosures and measures for the carbon emissions. These are huge expenses related to carbon emissions. Some of these include heavy capital expenditure on the carbon efficient machinery and technology. The corporate are required to take steps in order to reduce the carbon footprint (Kauffmann, 2010). Huge expenditure on research is being made in order to produce carbon efficient products. The carbon emissions also define the risk profile of the corporate. Research has showed that the carbon emissions have impact on the value of the firm. These can be classified into three major heads. Firstly, the costs incurred due to mandatory reporting of carbon emissions by regulatory authorities, secondly, the costs in connection with capital expenditure for emission control and lastly the costs in correction with voluntary reporting of carbon emissions. In the article by Tony Nwanji in The Stakeholder Theory in the Modern Global Business Environment, the author has stated how the duty of the company is more than just earning profits (Nwanji, 2016). The stakeholder theory states that it is the responsibility of the company is more than just towards its shareholders. A stakeholder is any person who can be affected by the decision of the company. They include customers, employees, creditors, etc. Stakeholder theory plays a very important role in the corporate responsibility of the company. The companys which are involved in processes involving carbon emissions, have a duty towards the environment and the stakeholders. In order to fulfil their duty towards the stakeholders it is important that the corporate report on the carbon emission which is due to their activities. They should report on the measures take in order to offset the carbon emissions. In the paper - Institutional Theory as a Driver of CSR: An Integrative Framework, by Sanket Sunand Dash, the author has explained how the institutional theory just like stakeholder theory assists the company in corporate social responsibility (Dash, 2016). The institutional theory states that the behaviours of an institution is dependent and is affected by the factors it Is surrounded by. The social environment is one of such factors. Increasing globalisation has shown that the social factors have a huge impact on the behaviours of an organisation. Therefore, in the case of carbon emission the company will be obligated to report on the carbon footprint. The traces which they leave on the environment are likely to have affect on the organisation, which will result in better accountability. Just like the theories mentioned above the author James Guthrie in his work on legitimacy theory has explained how the companies seek to work within the boundaries which are set by the society (Guthrie, 2012). In other words they try to legitimate the work done by staying within the social boundaries. When an action of the organisation affects the social factors, then it is to have effect on the organisation. When polluting the environment, the organisation understands that they have breached a boundary. In order to make up to it and exist, they will be required to report on the same. All the theories above are of the view that there are some social obligations of the organisation. In order for them to meet up with these obligations the company will report on carbon emissions and that is likely to control the impact on environment. In our study below we have discussed in details the actual affect of reporting on carbon emissions. Analysis Environmental safety has become a very important taking into the climate change. Emission of the greenhouse gases by the corporate are the major contributors to the climate change. In order to control these emissions, many steps including establishment of legislation for reporting was tried to be implemented. But in vain, no step was put into action. Later, incidents like that of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico created the alarming need to control the harm being made to the environment. It was then that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) came into action and initiated the greenhouse gas reporting program. This became a law in the year 2010, and as a result almost all of the Top emitters of Greenhouse gases in US were made to report on the emission made by them. Later, the remaining emitters of the greenhouse gases were also required to mandatory report on the greenhouse gas emissions. It was the first and the foremost step which was taken in order to control the carbon emissions (Ihlen, 2009). Though it was expected from introduction of this legislation, that reporting will force these corporate to control the emissions, but no such major effect was noticed. Also, this act aimed the corporate to opt for more environment friendly products and processes, so that more consumers could be attracted, but the studies show no major claims for the same. Later in the year 2012, United Kingdom followed the step of United States, and made it mandatory for all the companies listed on the London stock exchange to report of the carbon emission (Scott, 2014). This made the listed companies in UK report on greenhouse gas emission yearly in their annual report. In the year 2006, the international standard on environment protection launched the ISO 14064 standard, which laid down the methods to control greenhouse gas emissions along with its reporting and monitoring (Schnapf, 2011). It was a globally recognised standard which was expected to launch both regulated and voluntary programs to protect the environment. The Paris Agreement in 2015 was set forward keeping in view the increasing danger to the environment due to climate change. The countries all over participated in this agreement with a view to reduce the carbon emissions for environment safety. The World economic forum in 2017 stated that the weather risk was the most significant issue which was to be faced by the businesses everywhere. In order to evaluate the result of corporate reporting on carbon emission, a lot of studies and researches were conducted. The studies indicate three possible effects of reporting (Rogers, 2015) . The theories discussed above in the literature review all point towards one conclusion, that is the company has some social obligations which makes is responsible to report on the harms to the environment done by it. But mere reporting on issues created is not a solution for these issues. There should be actions and penalties which the corporate should be entitled to in case of harm caused by it. They should be made to take measures in order to cut off the carbon emission and help protect the environment. Reporting on certain issues will only bring to attention to the problem, it is important solution be devised in order to solve the problem. Secondly, it may be said that the impact of carbon reporting will not immediately be seen (Strathern, 2010). The level of greenhouse gases has increased over the years and there effect has been increasingly see in the last few years. The researchers are of the view that the effect of reporting on these emissions will be witnessed with time. It is not important that the results will immediately be reflected by measures. Lastly, the measures of reporting lack impact oriented information. The corporate are required to report on the measures taken by them to control the carbon footprint, but it fails to calculate the impact of measures on the result (Wahlen, 2012). Therefore it is important that the corporate also report on the impact they are likely to have on carbon emissions and control. The impact of carbon reporting has been huge on the corporate worldwide. They have actively taken part and adopted the carbon management principles (CMP) in order to meet up with the regulations. The recent study showed that of the top 500 global companies only 43% took part in the reporting in 2004. This number increased gradually to 50% in 2010 and 82% in 2015 (Donanldson, 2012). Also these corporate allocated a part of their management in order to take responsibility for the issues related to climate related change. The theoretical knowledge and implementation of reporting was expected to have larger impact on carbon emission reporting. But practically the resultant effect was not at par (Wolk, 2013). The theories that have been mentioned above also state that the companies would fulfil their social obligations by reporting on the environmental issues caused by them. But this was not the actual result. Therefore, measures in order to ensure actual effects on the control of carbon emissions should be taken. Conclusions: It was faith in the policymakers and the companies that reporting on carbon emission and good management practices will help them control and have better performance in carbon control. Because of this faith, other policies and measures which were likely to have effect were not given much attention. It has now become a fact that the most comprehensive data on carbon emission and measures to control the emission have failed to show any major impact on the actual outcome. However it has still not been established that the failure to obtain major results is due to lack of data or due to lack of relationship between the corporate management principles and the performance or due to lack of emphasis of companies on the actual performance of management principles (Eliskandarani, 2014). The management need to opt for result oriented plans, so that the actual result on the carbon emissions can be accounted for. References Dash, S. S. (2016). INSTITUTIONAL THEORY AND CSR. Retrieved from www.anzam.org: https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/2844_ANZAM-2016-407-FILE001.PDF Donanldson, T. (2012). Ethical issues in business. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Eliskandarani, E. (2014). Approaches to reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the built environment: Low carbon cities. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment . Flood, J. M. (2017). Wiley GAAP 2018. [S.l.]: JOHN WILEY. Freeman, K. P. (2011). Managing environmental risk through insurance. Boston (Mass.): Kluwer Academic Publishers. Guthrie, J. (2012). LEGITIMACY THEORY. Retrieved from www.csringreece.g: https://www.csringreece.gr/files/research/CSR-1290000469.pdf Ihlen, . (2009). Business and Climate Change: The. Norway: Routledge. Kauffmann, C. (2010). 10th OECD ROUNDTABLE ON CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY. TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY: . Nwanji, T. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.managementjournals.com: https://www.managementjournals.com/journals/ig/vol1/21-1-1-1.pdf Rogers, C. G. (2015). Financial Reporting of Environmental Liabilities and Risks after Sarbanes-Oxley . Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Schnapf, L. P. (2011). Environmental Issues in Business Transactions . Chicago, IIIl.: American Bar Assocation, Business Law Section. Scott, W. R. (2014). Financial Accounting Theory. Toronto: Pearson. Strathern, M. (2010). Audit cultures: anthropological studies in accountability, ethics and the academy. London: Routledge. Wahlen, J. M. (2012). The FASB Accounting Standards Codification: A User-Friendly Guide for Wahlen/Jones/Pagach's Intermediate Accounting Reporting Analysis . Mason, OH: South-Western Pub. Wolk, H. I. (2013). Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.