Falsificationism Essays - Epistemology Of Science, Scientific Method

Falsificationism There is often a heated debate on whether or not a theory is scientific. This debate brings to light a problem named the demarcation problem. This problem simply asks how one distinguishes between science and non-science. This is a very important question especially in examining separation of church and state. The demarcation problem is apparent when schools are unsure as to whether or not they should teach creationism as a possible scientific theory. Schools are to teach science, but how does one tell the difference between a scientific theory and a theological one. In order to find a solution to the demarcation problem one might look towards falsificationism. Falsificationism states that a theory is scientific if and only if it is falsifiable or verifiable. In other words if a theory, T, is testable, then it is scientific. With falsificationism, guidelines are used to decipher between testable and not testable therefore scientific and non-scientific respectively. So by using falsif icationism consistently one should be able to solve the demarcation problem. But within falsificationism, some contradictions have arisen and from these, three versions of falsificationism have been formulated. Version one is as follows: A theory T is scientific if and only if it is possible to deduce from T at least one prediction about the results of observation. This theory states that a theory, in order to be scientific, needs no additional premises or auxiliary hypotheses in order to be tested. In order to show the error in this version, one needs to examine Newtonian mechanics. Newtonian mechanics are a number of theories that deal with the motion of objects when acted on by additional forces. If one were to use the premise set forth in version one when determining whether or not Newtonian mechanics is scientific, then those theories would result in being classified as non-scientific. This, however, is clearly not the case for Newtonian mechanics are the basis for much scientific work. The reason for these theories being misclassified, is that in order for Newtonian mechanics to be considered testable, one needs to include additional premises on the forces that have acted on the objec t and cause its motion. Because auxiliary hypotheses are needed, Newtonian mechanics is misclassified as non-scientific according to version one. The second version states that a theory T is scientific if and only if it is possible to deduce from T with auxiliary hypotheses, at least one prediction about the results of observation. This version tends to classify clearly non-scientific theories, as scientific by basing the test on unrelated, observation predictions. An example of how this is done is as follows. Let T be any theory. Let S be any statement in T. Then let O be any observation prediction. Finally, let A consist of if S then O. For example, the theory, T, to be proven scientific states that ghosts exist and are among us every day. This is then related to an observation prediction as follows. T is scientific if it snows more than two inches tomorrow. It is now possible to test the theory by basing the test on an unrelated observation prediction, which is the weather. Now that the theory is testable using the auxiliary hypothesis, by version two, it is considered to be scientific. This theory is clearly non-scientific but is still missclassified by version two. Because of the lack of specific guidelines in version two, this version lacks reliability. The final version, version three, says that a theory T is scientific if and only if it is possible to deduce from T with scientific auxiliary hypothesis, at least one prediction about the results of observation. Within this version lies a never-ending loop. This version is proposing a solution as to how to determine science from non-science, but in order to use this version one must already know what is and is not scientific in order to determine which auxiliary hypothesis can be used. Because the version must be used in defining a part of itself, it becomes circular and therefore totally unreliable. Philosophy Essays

Googles view on the future of business

Googles view on the future of business Thesis Statement Recent developments in the internet and software business especially the level of commercial aggression arising from competitors such as (Microsoft, Apple and Facebook) is making it quite hard for Google to conclude that its business model is secured in the near future and the distant future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Googles view on the future of business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering that Google’s main source of revenue is from internet advertising, and software development and companies like Facebook and Twitter, Microsoft, Yahoo and other participants have considerably snatched a lot of business for them since they came into existence. Google has no option but to respond quickly and effectively with plans that will enable the company eliminate all weakness and forge in the future with a more stable business. Thus in order for Google to reduce the amount of ris ks and uncertainty that it is faced by the company, it may be forced to revise its business model and eliminate any elements that may pose a threat or cast a weakness upon their business model. Introduction Today’s business environment is highly dynamic and volatile. How commercial enterprises used to go about business yesterday is not the same today and thus companies don’t have the luxury to assume that the future will be as the same today as it was yesterday ( Kourdi 2009, 122). Everyday there are new trends emerging in the business world which either influence or act as a force of initiating change in the business community and if companies remain rigid, then they may find themselves in problems. Consumers are becoming more radical and more aware of their rights pushing companies to develop strategies that govern their marketing mix and overall business strategy (Kotler 2003, 161). The internet and computer software industry is a highly competitive industry that is extremely volatile with the new inventions hitting the market each and every day.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore industry participants who operate within this industry are often forced to use more aggressive strategies to ensure that their business models adapt to the ever changing environment (Beach 2011. 141) Google is a software and internet company that was founded in 1998. The Company is a multinational company that runs its internet business in almost every country of the world. Additionally, the company makes annual profits of over $ 7billion and an intelligent talented workforce of over 20,000 employees. Google has risen to be one of the most respected companies in the world, and thus has continuously aimed to improve its business amongst competitors such as Microsoft, Yahoo, Bing and Baidu and the various social sites that have arisen such as Facebook and Twitter (Beach 2011. 141). The future of most businesses is not certain and hence companies vigorously involve themselves in a successful strategy so that the levels of risks and uncertainty can be reduced (Boone 2010, 88). Google’s business platform involves the selling of many products and services such as Google’s famous Android Smartphone Handset, Google’s social sites such as Orkut and Buzz, Google’s Chrome OS, Google’s instant messenger Google talk and its various marketing and advertisement platforms that act as the main source of revenue for the company (Bhupendra 2011). Googles mission and vision is to provide simple yet leading technology to the millions of people using the internet, and therefore in order for Google to succeed in doing this the organization must make sure that it operates in a problem free environment by dissolving various problems facing the organization with the help of planning and strategy. Major problems and issues that Google needs to address Poor customer service value The lack of a well set customer support system within Google may act as a hindrance to the mission and vision of Google. Today’s business environment is full of sensitive customers therefore it is necessary that companies develop facilities that will assist the business to make sure that each query and expression of a consumer is properly captured and responded to within a reasonable time frame ( Koontz Weihrich 2009, 133). The line â€Å"we will not necessarily respond to your message† is normally a common feature of Google’s search engine unlike companies like Facebook which usually make sure they respond to the concerns of customers efficiently while Google does not and this may lead to the downfall of the company.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Googles view on the future of business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn M ore For strategy to work properly within an organization it is a must for an organization to treat a customer like king and come up with a mechanism that will respond to the need of consumers whenever need arises and the best mechanism for doing so is a fully equipped and well staffed customer care department (Bhupendra 2011). Yahoo one of Google’s largest competitor has a fairly stronger customer service and therefore this fact may rub well with consumers and hence dissatisfied consumers may consequently switch to where they think their opinion matters (Bhupendra 2011). It is important not for Google to recruit the best computer scientists and developers but also dedicate efforts towards implementing superior customer care facilities, because if consumer needs and desires are ignored this may prove problematic. Many companies have become successful because they have set up systems which can mine vital data from their consumers by the help of well established customer care centers (Kotler 2003,203 -211). The date that is collected from this stage is then used to formulate, implement, evaluate and control the various forms of strategies that exist within the organization. As a result the companies which have good strategies can easily navigate their way through present and future crises (Koontz Weihrich 2009, 53). Stiff Competition and Hostility Google may have recently gained ground on other business fronts but Facebook and Twitter has significantly threatened its dominance in the internet advertising industry (Bhupendra 2011). Additionally, the number of people who previously depended on PC’s and Laptops to access the internet is sharply falling since the introduction of smart phones, with the current increase in the number of people who are now using smart phones as their primary means of accessing the internet then Google’s previous assumptions that the Personal computer and Laptops would remain primary sources of placing adver tisement has been met wit astonishment. Internet advertisement companies have been forced to upgrade their technology and enter the mobile telephony advertisement industry. Competition between social sites and Google has also forced Google to enter into the social marketing media although Google’s penetration remains small (Bhupendra 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus if Google intends to continue dominating the internet viral marketing atmosphere the company may be forced to either partner up with current dominant social sites or use other mechanisms to make sure their social sites such as Buzz and Orkut gain numbers as fast as possible. Away from internet advertising both Microsoft and yahoo are becoming more vigorous and thus pose a threat to Google’s dominance thus forcing Google to take part in continuous strategic consultations and evaluation in order to perform well. It should therefore become the duty of one department within Google to continuously gather competitive intelligence and consult with strategic heads in order to evaluate and control the strategy of Google (Kotler 2003, 211). Since Google has decided to start manufacturing hardware such as the Android Smartphone and developing other software such as the Chrome OS many previous business partners like Samsung, Intel, have seen this move as a bad move that threatens th eir business models and therefore are planning retaliatory moves against Google (Bhupendra 2011). Google’s inability Penetrate the Chinese market The Chinese market is one of the largest internet markets with close to 400 internet users and therefore gaining control over such a market would prove very profitable to the business of Google (Beach 2011 141). It is thus necessary that Google sets up proper mechanisms to make sure those negotiations with other Chinese companies’ bear’s fruit for the company. According to â€Å"China Digital Times†, Google mainly failed to negotiate the necessary syndication deals with Chinese partners (Beach 2011. 141). Although Google claimed that the Chinese government was behind its failure in China it should have been the duty of negotiating experts to make sure that the deal was renegotiated because China is a country with a long term potential of doing business. Therefore with Google not participating in the Chinese mark et other competitors may use this fact to compete against Google and destabilize Google’s business model. The amount of revenues that could be collected from China by Google could help the company conduct research and development and launch new product or fund their strategies (Kotler 2003, 43). Data Privacy and security problems Many users of the internet usually prefer that their anonymity be maintained and that their right to privacy be respected. Personal data belonging to users of Google products and software is only anonymized for up to 9 months thus leaving users of Google vulnerable when this timeframe expires. Therefore other individuals such as employees and even hackers can access the information and use this information to their advantage and even commit fraud or leak information which was considered private and confidential. Techniques that can be used to identify the problems In order for Google to correctly identify the extent to which this problems are likely to affect their business model the company could carry a market research thorough which a SWOT analysis and the use of porters model to accurately explain to what extent competition and rivalry can affect their business objectives (Kotler 2003, 88). A SWOT analysis for the company, a competitor analysis and an industry analysis would assist the company understands itself better. Additionally, Google will be able to compare itself with other close competitors and moreover, understand what the industry expects of software and internet companies who participate within the same industry such as such as Google, Mozilla, Bing, Baidu, Apple and others. The advantage of using a SWOT analysis is that both internal and external factors that influence a company’s business performance can all be determined so that the company can eliminate all weaknesses and threats and therefore maximize revenue streams and overall company performance by tapping into opportunities and strengths that the company possesses (Kourdi 2009, 122). It is therefore the duty of Google to conduct vigorous research to accurately identify elements of its SWOT analysis, Competitor intelligence reports and overall industry reports. Figure 1: The link between strategic planning and commercial success. The diagram above suggests that by putting in place strong strategy and executing it efficiently organizations face almost 100% certainty that they can succeed but if the strategy is weak it is more likely that the strategy will not succeed. Consequently, it is true to conclude that if Google goes forward to carefully conduct research and gather relevant data it will be possible for the company to address the route course of their problems, and become a more formidable company (Czinkota 1998, 44). Recommendations The results of the SWOT analysis, the competitor intelligence reports and industry reports will be crucial in making the necessary recommendations that will help reduce the impact that may arise out of the problems that Google faces. In order for Google to be more in touch with the feelings, taste and preferences needs and queries of their customers it is thus a must that the company puts in place a highly efficient customer care structure. A good customer care strategy will make sure that any shifts in customer care behavior are detected early and thus appropriate action will be taken to make sure that the customer is happy and satisfied. The customer care services may either be formed in various regions in the world to deal with the large number of consumers or even outsourced to one single country where cheap labor can be found. Due to the stiff nature of competition within the industry Google should therefore embark on establishing a competitive intelligence unit who will work hand in hand with the strategic development department. This move will enable Google be able to continuously monitor and evaluate their strategy in a real-time basis and thus make any chang es depending on the actions of the competitors. Furthermore Google can alternatively look for other options which may allow it to collaborate with its more hostile partners who do not like the fact that Google has entered into their business field. Google should also step up its negotiations with the Chinese government and give in to reasonable demands because their absence in the Chinese market can injure their corporate ambitions. Furthermore if this option does not work Google can alternatively look for means by which it will enter into a collaborative business with Baidu thus making their presence certain in China. Following many complaints and lawsuits concerning Data Privacy and security problems, Google should put more effort and force its developers to come up with techniques that will allow the company to successfully develop methods that would protect the security of all customers whom use their products. Evaluate the pros and cons of various action alternatives The advant age of carrying out vigorous research through a SWOT analysis, a competitor analysis and an industry analysis would give Google Leverage that would enable the company to set out the appropriate strategy. Information is power and with power strategic heads of a company can more effectively put in place the right strategic choices. The dangers that are attached to carrying out strategic changes in the absence of research may offer a cheaper option but may result to weaker strategies that may obviously fail in the process of execution (Kourdi 2009, 122). Research makes it more possible to gather accurate and unbiased information on the competitors, the company’s internal and external environment together with competitive intelligence information. But if the company sees that it lacks the capacity for it to carryout research by itself, then the company should outsource and contract other companies who have more experience to carry out research on their behalf (Katakota Robinson 2001, 133). Although this may be the most expensive option it is far the best option because third parties are more likely to be more unbiased and professional in their work depending on their previous track record. Conclusion Google’s current and future success largely depends on the way the organization will chose to tackle the various problems that are affecting its current business model. Many businesses face problems but the role of planning and setting strategies is a very important issue as it assists businesses resolve their problems and emerge victorious when crises hit their organizations. It is thus the role of the company’s leadership conduct research and use the data which they have obtained from carrying the research to make valid and efficient strategies that would make sure that the current problems are solved so that the organization can move forward and even beat its competitors in business. The failure of organizations to take part in strategic plann ing may lead to loss of market share and revenues hence prevent a company from achieving its mission and vision. References Bhupendra, R. (2011). 10 Reasons why Google may fail in the Future. Web. Beach, S. (2011). Google’s Future in China Uncertain. Web. Boone, L. (2010). Contemporary Business. NJ New Jersey: Wiley Sons. Czinkota, R. M. (1998). Trends in international business. Malden MA: Blackwell Publishing. Gaudin, S. (2010). Google, Facebook battle for future of the Web: Could Googles Achilles heel be showing as Facebook teams up with Microsoft? Web. Katakota, R. Robinson, M. (2001). E-Business 2.0 Roadmap for success. NJ New Jersey: Pearson Education. Koontz, H. Weihrich, H. (2009). Essence of Management an International Perspective, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing Insights from A to Z: 80 concepts every manager needs to know. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Inc. Kourdi, J. (2009). Business Strategy: A Guide to Effective Decision Making, (2 edn ), New York: Economist books.

Corporate Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Responsibility - Essay Example The litigation involves Pelman vs McDonald Inch on the ground that the corporation intentionally misleads their customers about the health products and services they offer through their false advertisements. The plaintiff argues that the consumption of fast food from MacDonald Corporation could have partially contributed to the overweight, obesity and heart disease; thus deterioration of health. The respondent denied the allegation by arguing that they are not accountable for the decisions made by the plaintiff to consume their fast food products. Discussions MacDonald Corporation and other fast food restaurants should be held accountable for selling harmful products, failing to caution consumers of the risks of a high-fat diet, and misleading advertising. This is because high consumption of products and services from fast food industries has become the major cause for health problems in the United States. The research on business ethics demands corporations to be socially accountabl e for their actions or activities. ... MacDonald and other fast food industries have been frequently ranked among the producers of unhealthy food, which have contributed to varied health problems to children (Mello, Rimm, and Studdert, 2013). These fast food companies should be judged for making deceptive advertisements arguing that their products and services offer health solutions to consumers and yet they create more health problems. Wharton (2005) argues that obesity have raised many difficult marketing questions regarding the issue of junk food and deceptive advertisements made by fast food industries. Childhood obesity, which is linked by consuming sugar-laden fruit juice, chips, Oreos and other non-nutritious snack foods have raised a major health concern in the U.S government. The new government research pointed some of the culprits behind the cause for increased childhood obesity. MacDonald Company was among the identified company with pending litigation about their deceptive advertisements and not being socially responsible for their actions, which has left many children with health problems. Although the major aim of the company is to make profits, they should carry out their business with ethical concern of not causing harm to their potential customers. The decision made by the U.S government for fast food industries to stop advertising harmful products to kids has raised some concern within fast food industries. These companies advertise their product knowingly that there is something wrong with the advertisement; thus they deserve to be judged negligent and warned about such actions. Although it is not easy for marketers to change their products overnight because they will run risk of changing their products

Enough Money, a Room and an Androgynous Mind of Ones Own Essay

Enough Money, a Room and an Androgynous Mind of Ones Own - Essay Example This was why there has been no substantial tradition of women writers. Woolf pays tribute to the women writers of the past, who had to surmount infinite obstacles and insults, and who, in doing so, made the way so much smoother for the women writers who came after them. Woolf acknowledges that things are changing, and that even more significant changes are in the offing. However, influential men like Mr Oscar Browning still make pronouncements such as "the best woman [is] intellectually the inferior of the worst man." She shrewdly analyzes such remarks to be the consequence of man's insecurity when challenged by modern woman's demands for 'equality.' Woolf herself subscribes to a more balanced point of view, expressed in the last section of the book: All this pitting of sex against sex . . . all this claiming of superiority and imputing of inferiority, belong to the private-school stage of human existence where there are 'sides', and it is necessary for one side to beat another side . . .. As people mature they cease to believe in sides . . . Men and women as individuals can attain heights of creative achievement only when the masculine and the feminine parts of their personality are in harmony, as was the case with Shakespeare.

Nutrition and Dietetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Nutrition and Dietetics - Essay Example Among the most common lifestyle, medical complications associated to poor dietary include obesity, diabetes and ulcers among others. This implies that food is an important determinant of the spread and the ability of individuals to manage their medical histories. The dietary balance provides an effective means of eradicating some of the diseases. Nutritionists carry out extensive researches through which they determine the best foods and nutritious value in the foods thus influencing patients’ diet in order to fasten the healing process. The body requires adequate energy to facilitate such basic functions as respiration. After ensuring the provision of such basic amounts of energy to the body, the nutritionists thus engage in the discovery of nutritious content that influence the genes of the patients thus hastening the healing process. Nutrigenomics help nutritionists by providing the relationship between nutrients and the numerous diets. Effective research in the branch of n utritional genomics thus helps determine the most appropriate food for diverse medical conditions (Artemis, 2010). Study of genotype in the treatment approach to T1DM Genetics plays a role in T1DM . There is a genetic predisposition in the occurrence of the disease. This is related to Mendelian genetics where the expression of the genes is based on the dominant or the recessive ones. This is where the phenotypic expression of the genes or allele come into play in the treatment used or T1DM. In doing this, the treatment adopts an approach which looks for expressive genes for insulinase. Any defects noted in relation to this are then noted earlier for the adoption of the right lifestyle factors. All this is made possible y learning the genotype in terms of allele expression. Muller (2003) notes that adopting an approapriate risk free lifestyle should then be embraced. Insulin in the genotype of T1DM The absence of insulin in the body thus results in the increase of the blood sugar lev el as the glucose levels go unregulated. Diabetes mellitus is the most common diabetes. The causes of the disease vary with most being lifestyle complications. The study of genotype is fundamental in the treatment and prevention of the disease since among the most common causes includes the ingestion of more sugar. As stated earlier, Nutrigenomics is the study of the relationship between nutrients in the foods people eat and the structure of the cells. This makes Nutrigenomics integral in the formulation of effective dietary combinations to help mitigate the susceptibility of the form of diabetes. Researches have shown that the disease arises from numerous eating disorders, which Nutrigenomics can therefore help alleviate. Possible Solution to T1DM Currently, the above condition presents a challenge to the medical world. This is because the condition has no known therapeutic cure. In fact, the condition can only be managed administered insulin shots. However, the appropriate solutio n as presented by Brethauer (2013) would be to adopt an appropriate attitude and behavior in terms of nutrition as well as lifestyle. One should exercise frequently and avoid potential risks such as fatty and sugary foodstuffs. Limitations of the study of genotype in the treatment of T1DM However, Nutrigenomics has several limitations key among which is that it takes time. Unlike drugs that

Rational Choice Theory: Death Penalty

Rational Choice Theory: Death Penalty The death penalty has been debated over and over with no clear solution to whether it should be continued or be abolished. One thing is clear and to provide an argument for the death penalty can be made with the rational choice theory (RCT)/deterrence theory (DT). In their model, Cornish and Clark (1986) understood that people are not empty vessel when they approach a situation in which a crime might be committed (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2007, p. 276). Environmental, psychological, and biological factors create the motivations to commit crimes. The rational choice theory is advancement towards the causation of crime because it looks beyond the background factors and looks more at conscious decision makers who weigh options and act with a purpose (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2007, p. 277). The basic idea of the rational choice theory is that individuals or criminals engage in some intelligent thought before choosing to commit a crime (OConnor, 2007, para. 2). This means that the individual is already thinking of the risk, consequences, and possible rewards if they continue on with the thought of committing a crime. The other side of the RCT is the DT. As RCT would explain, individuals make a personal choice on whether they will commit a crime or not. The RCT suggests a more promising approach to reducing crime: situational crime prevention. By studying how offenders make decisions to commit criminal acts certain steps may be taken to reduce such opportunities for these offenses to occur (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2007, p. 277). By installing such things as alarm systems could prevent a potential burglary on your own but this is also a purpose of the deterrence theory. With regards to the death penalty, the assessment of action weighs the benefit of killing someone (for financial gain, revenge, etc.) against the threat of death and a possible result is that offenders would not make a choice to murder someone because of the threat of dying themselves at the hands of the government. Both the rational choice theory and deterrence theory work together when answer the call to murder and whether the death penalty is a rational punishment for committing a murder. Once again, the rational choice theory is explained by the personal choice made by the individual to commit a crime. The deterrence theory is the answer to that personal choice to commit a crime or for the purpose of this explanation; murder justified by the death penalty should suffice an effective deterrent to committing murders. To many this sounds good, you commit yourself to following through on a murder; you receive the death penalty but as it common knowledge that death penalty is not given to individuals all of time for committing murders. Therefore, the rational choice theory and deterrence theory immediately receives criticisms for a solution to preventing murders. Why does this happen? Our justice system pretty much tells us that for example, killing your wife because you just found out she was having an extra-marital affair does not necessarily mean you will get the death penalty. You have expert lawyers and then poorly constructed juries that defeats ideas of the rationa l choice and deterrence theories. Rational choice and deterrence theories are supposed to provide quick, swift, and certain death to offenders who commit murders but as mentioned before, this is not always the right or correct answer. Though both theories serve to the answer the question of whether or not a murder is a rational choice made by an individual and the quick answer to it, they also unfortunately lay down the issues with rational choice and deterrence as a solution to committing a murder. The problems within our justice system allow those who are on death row to extend their time alive because of appeals thus defeating both theories. According to Montaldo (2006), The U.S. Supreme Court has issued two rulings that make it easier for death row inmates to file additional appeals to avoid execution, extending the appeals process for many of the 3,300 inmates on death row and delaying justice for the families of their victims (para. 1). Final thoughts on the rational choice and deterrence theories as solutions to murder have issues but both can work and for the death penalty to serve the purposes of both, the justice system must make some changes. Death penalty cases are expensive from the court time sentencing to the actual execution can last for years because of the number of appeals for possible mishaps in the case or any other problems the individual could have with their case for example, rights violations, arguments for cruel and unusual punishment can all bring up points for new case. Unfortunately, this does happen and a death penalty sentence may get reduce to life in prison and most of the time without parole. However, some instances, individuals do get parole and release back into society and commit more crimes. To limit things like that, the rational choice theory and deterrence theory could be utilized to limit such instances. Right now, the death penalty cannot be used as deterrent in our current justi ce system because of some of the mentioned. If the theories were used, they could really provide a deterrent to murder. How would conflict theory explain the phenomenon of racial profiling in America? The conflict theory is based on an assumption that criminal behavior is delivered from the social and economical forces imposed on individuals. The criminal justice system and criminal law are thought to be operating on behalf of rich and powerful social elites, with resulting policies aimed at controlling the poor (Conflict, 2005, para. 1). The hierarchy falls as follows: High class society, Middle class society, Lower class society. The rich and powerful has always had the upper hand when establishing policy for the country. Much of that power came from capitalism. As stated by Lilly, Cullen, Ball (2007), capitalism was considered to be at the root of the conflict because it was taken to be the source of the unjust inequality (p. 151). In many opinions, capitalism makes the rich people richer while the rest are left behind thus defeating the 2nd Bill of Rights proposed by former President Roosevelt. In his State of the Union Address to Congress, FDR proposed a 2nd Bill of Rights b ecause of the capitalism had over run the country. The highlights of FDRs speech are the 5 specific Bill of Rights and they are provided for Woolley Peters (1990): Therefore, in order to concentrate all our energies and resources on winning the war, and to maintain a fair and stable economy at home, I recommend that the Congress adopt: (1) A realistic tax law-which will tax all unreasonable profits, both individual and corporate, and reduce the ultimate cost of the war to our sons and daughters. The tax bill now under consideration by the Congress does not begin to meet this test. (2) A continuation of the law for the renegotiation of war contracts-which will prevent exorbitant profits and assure fair prices to the Government. For two long years I have pleaded with the Congress to take undue profits out of war. (3) A cost of food law-which will enable the Government (a) to place a reasonable floor under the prices the farmer may expect for his production; and (b) to place a ceiling on the prices a consumer will have to pay for the food he buys. This should apply to necessities only; and will require public funds to carry out. It will cost in appropriations about one percent of the present annual cost of the war. (4) Early reenactment of the stabilization statute of October, 1942. This expires June 30, 1944, and if it is not extended well in advance, the country might just as well expect price chaos by summer. We cannot have stabilization by wishful thinking. We must take positive action to maintain the integrity of the American dollar. (5) A national service law- which, for the duration of the war, will prevent strikes, and, with certain appropriate exceptions, will make available for war production or for any other essential services every able-bodied adult in this Nation. These five measures together form a just and equitable whole. I would not recommend a national service law unless the other laws were passed to keep down the cost of living, to share equitably the burdens of taxation, to hold the stabilization line, and to prevent undue profits. (p. 1) Though this was a dream of FDR, it never came to pass but if it did chances are that the separations between the classes may not have ever occurred. Unfortunately, a separation did occur and created why as to the reason in which the conflict theory exists. Inequality is now a part of our society and will stay that way until the people want change. In the United States, the competitions for decent paying jobs are overloaded with applicants vying for jobs that would provide a decent living for their families. Those at the lowest level of the socio-economic ladder often find themselves working jobs with poor pay and using that little money to pay for insurances e.g. life, health, etc. Even with the Civil Rights Act, Affirmative Action, and other things meant to help there still lies the shadow of inequality in the United States thus leaving most individuals in poverty for their entire existence. In the United States, our poorest people are minorities including African Americans and Hispanics and it is easy to be placed into a group and most of the time those particular groups are targeted by police as bad seeds that want to upset the balance of the rich and powerful or the upper class of society. Trying to get a piece of the pie falls short and therefore commits crimes making it easier for racial profiling to occur. In other words, police are able to target whole groups of people that are minorities in order not to mess up the way of life for the upper class of society. The constant harassment makes the minority people feel fear of rebellion and maintains the inequality that benefits the upper level of society. By being the top of the pyramid, these people are able to dictate the rules to the lower masses and are doing so by implementing (or trying to implement) racial profiling. If a group of society is always in fear of being accused of crimes they did not commit, they are unlikely to find a common and loud voice of protest but by still having the ability to vote maybe there could be a change in the thought process of societys upper class. It is truly unclear on whether President Barack Obama can keep his promise of change alive but many people in the lower socio-economic classes believe that the change can and will happen. Also, there is no guarantee that if the classes were equal that crime would not exist because even those with all the money still commit crimesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hence Bernard Madoff. Can the concept of rational choice involve passionate crimes? Explain and defend your answer. Yes, because the rational choice theory blames the crime on the personal decision of the individual. The belief that human nature was predicated upon the search for pleasure and the avoidance of pain, and that human action was consequently organized around calculative strategies aimed at utility maximization (Hayward, 2007, p. 233). The deliberate acts done in passion crimes are calculated in short periods of time. Many times the actions in passion crimes are usually at a moments notice and therefore are judged as ill advised, if not foolish (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, p. 277). The rational choice theory ultimately teaches that people make decisions to act or not to act based whether the actions would satisfy the main objective. Crimes of passion is a term used to define a crime which is committed by an individual in the form of assault or murder against a spouse or a lover out of jealousy or heartbreak and is not a preplanned crime. The thinking process is based on the limited amount of information available to the individual but it is common knowledge that the brain reacts faster than the body can process the signal and therefore even if in a split second to stop the first blow it may not be stop in time. So, when a person says they cannot stop themselves from acting what they are truly trying to say is that there is no need to suffer the pain or difficulty it would cause them from carrying out the criminal act. The most common example of a crime of passion is when a husband discovers his wife is having affair with another man and out of jealousy he can murder her. Peoples brain can make the choice to eliminate the pain of a breakup by covering it with anger, frustrations, and pain. With enough pain built up, there is usually a lot of trouble for the one who caused it. The choice being made is one that is rationalized. I believe that most courts in the United States understand crimes of passion and incarceration is the end game because though it was choice or decision it is understood that the act happened without a clear thought. However, it is still a poor decision, but a choice that brings instant satisfaction and delays pain. Therefore, explaining that the decisions in crimes of passions can be understood with the use of the rational choice theory.

Culture in the Poem Blessing :: Imtiaz Dharker

The title of the poem is ''Blessing'' and the poet is called Imtiaz Dharker. In my essay I will be looking at how the poet describes a culture different from our own and explaining how the poet brings this culture to life through his use of poetic techniques. The poem is set in a third world country which is in desperate need for water. A municipal pipe bursts and suddenly there is a flurry of people rushing to get that much desired water. The title of the poem is very significant. The title penetratingly outlines how precious they view the water to be. He does this by titling the poem ''Blessing''. Water is something which most people take for granted, so by making this the title he emphasizes the value they place upon the water. The poet highlights how much value they place upon the water in the fourth stanza when the pipe bursts by using word choice. ''As their blessings sing'' is the quote from the poem and the effect of this is that it gives you a sense of harmony. The words sum up a peaceful ending for the last two stanzas where the mood of the poem changes from desperation to the contrast of greatfulness. The poet has chosen the phrase ''blessings sing'' as when put together it has conitations of bountful amounts of happiness which accuratly shows their joy and relief they would of felt in that moment of time. I think the poet has used this quote to symbolise the end of a struggle which turned into a celebratio n and the word ''sing'' to create the passion for the villagers in that moment. The poet uses examples of imagery in this poem. The poet uses a simile in the first line of the first stanza to start off the poem. The simile she uses is ''the skin cracks like a pod''. The opening of the poem gives a clear message that something is severely wrong. A pod cracks with barely any resistance so the comparison to the skin is a unreserved statement outlining how easily the skin is. There is obviously a drought or a vast undersupply of water. The opening surprises the reader and gives an indication of what is to come. The poet uses a short and abrupt line which is effective The poet uses a effective metaphor in the second stanza of the poem, ''a roar of tongus''. Culture in the Poem Blessing :: Imtiaz Dharker The title of the poem is ''Blessing'' and the poet is called Imtiaz Dharker. In my essay I will be looking at how the poet describes a culture different from our own and explaining how the poet brings this culture to life through his use of poetic techniques. The poem is set in a third world country which is in desperate need for water. A municipal pipe bursts and suddenly there is a flurry of people rushing to get that much desired water. The title of the poem is very significant. The title penetratingly outlines how precious they view the water to be. He does this by titling the poem ''Blessing''. Water is something which most people take for granted, so by making this the title he emphasizes the value they place upon the water. The poet highlights how much value they place upon the water in the fourth stanza when the pipe bursts by using word choice. ''As their blessings sing'' is the quote from the poem and the effect of this is that it gives you a sense of harmony. The words sum up a peaceful ending for the last two stanzas where the mood of the poem changes from desperation to the contrast of greatfulness. The poet has chosen the phrase ''blessings sing'' as when put together it has conitations of bountful amounts of happiness which accuratly shows their joy and relief they would of felt in that moment of time. I think the poet has used this quote to symbolise the end of a struggle which turned into a celebratio n and the word ''sing'' to create the passion for the villagers in that moment. The poet uses examples of imagery in this poem. The poet uses a simile in the first line of the first stanza to start off the poem. The simile she uses is ''the skin cracks like a pod''. The opening of the poem gives a clear message that something is severely wrong. A pod cracks with barely any resistance so the comparison to the skin is a unreserved statement outlining how easily the skin is. There is obviously a drought or a vast undersupply of water. The opening surprises the reader and gives an indication of what is to come. The poet uses a short and abrupt line which is effective The poet uses a effective metaphor in the second stanza of the poem, ''a roar of tongus''.